Conservation ethic

Conservation can be confused with conversationand vice versa.

For the laws of conservation in the physical sciences, see conservation law.

Image:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG The Conservation ethic is an ethicof resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world: its forests, fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity. Secondary focus is on materials conservationand energy conservation, which are seen as important to protect the natural world.

Introduction

To conserve habitatin terrestrial ecoregionsand stop deforestationis a goal widely shared by many groups with a wide variety of motivations. These issues and groups are covered in their own articles.

To protect sea life from extinctiondue to overfishingis another commonly stated goal of conservation - ensuring that "some will be available for our children" to continue a way of life.

The consumer conservation ethic is best expressed by the four R's:

• Reduce
• Recycle
• Reuse
• Rethink

This social ethic primarily relates to local purchasing, moral purchasing, the sustainedand efficient use of renewable resources, the moderation of destructive use of finite resources, and the prevention of harm to common resources such as airand waterquality, the natural functions of a living earth, and cultural values in a built environment.

The principal value underlying most expressions of the conservation ethic is that the natural world has intrinsic and intangible worth along with utilitarian value - a view carried forward by the scientific ecology movementand some of the older Romanticschools of conservation.

More Utilitarianschools of conservation seek a proper valuation of local and global impacts of human activity upon nature in their effect upon human well being, now and to our posterity. How such values are assessed and exchanged among people determines the social, political, and personal restraints and imperatives by which conservation is practiced. This is a view common in the modern environmental movement.

These movements have diverged but they have deep and common roots in the conservation movement.

In the United States of America, the year 1864saw the publication of two books which laid the foundation for Romantic and Utilitarian conservation traditions in America. The posthumous publication of Henry David Thoreau's Maine Woods established the grandeur of unspoiled nature as a citadel to nourish the spirit of man. From George Perkins Marsha very different book, Man and Nature, later subtitled "The Earth as Modified by Human Nature", cataloged his observations of man exhausting and altering the land from which his sustenance derives.

"here introduce specific concerns like supporting populations, global warming, biodiversity, the value of wilderness, fish and timber harvest, etc,etc."

Usage of term

In common usage, the term refers to the activity of systematically protecting natural resources such as forests, including biological diversity. Carl F. Jordandefines the term in his book Replacing Quantity With Quality As a Goal for Global Management

"biological conservation as being a philosophy of managing the environment in a manner that does not despoil, exhaust or extinguish."

While that usage is not new, the idea of biological conservation has been applied to the principles of ecology, biogeography, anthropology, economyand sociologyto maintain biodiversity.

Even the term "conservation" may cover the concepts such as cultural diversity, genetic diversityand the concept of movements environmental conservation, seedbank(preservation of seeds). These are often summarized as the priority to respect diversity, especially by Greens.

Much recent movement in conservation can be considered a resistance to commercialismand globalization. Slow foodis a consequence of rejecting these as moral priorities, and embracing a slower and more locally-focused lifestyle.

History of biological conservation

The origins of biological conservation can be traced to philosophical and religious beliefsabout Man as a full part of Nature:

The Torah, or Old Testament discusses the concept of the Sabbatical Year, a period whereby the fields are left fallow, presumably in order to rejuvenate the soil. This would appear to be an ancient form of the ecological practice of crop rotation. The weekly Sabbath is also a time when beasts of burden are given rest from their work. The Torah further prohibits the destruction of fruit bearing trees, and this commandment has been extended to encompass all manner of wastefulness.

Taoistand Shintoistphilosophies encourage recognition of special sites, allowing spiritual experiments.

Jainism, Hinduismand Buddhism, grant a sacred value to animals. Primitive religions also recognize sacred values to sites such as forests, lakes, mountains. Islamrecognizes each species as its own "nation", and an obligation of man to khalifa, or "stewardship" of the Earth. Specific conservation mechanisms such as haramand himazones, and the origins of the idea of carrying capacity, were a product of Islamic civilization. Indigenous strategies successfully combated soil erosion and deforestation in precolonial East Africa, as well as in the early colonial empires in China and Venice. As early as 450 BCE Artaxerxes I attempted to restrict cutting Lebanese timber (Grove 1992). Plato, writing in the 4th century BCE, noted that the removal of trees in Attica produced soil erosion "and what remains is like the skeleton of a body wasted by disease". Some historians claim that the idea of conservation originated in conflicts over the use of forests (Glacken 1965).

Conservationism embraces a spectrum of views, ranging from anthropocentric, utilitarian conservationism to radical ecocentric green eco-political views which advocate the total preservation of forest resources and which seek to establish a radically new relationship between humanity and nature. There are three main philosophical movements roughly characterized as conservation movements (plural):

Romantic-Transcendental

Ralph Waldo Emersonand Henry David Thoreau, in 1880, defend the idea that Nature has a meaning, beyond economic profits. Nature is a temple where the Man can share and communicate with God.
John Muirdefends a preservationist ethic, according to which the beauty of Nature stimulates the religious feelings and supports spiritual experiments. He also sees in biological communities, groups of species evolving together and depending ones on the others. These communities, superorganisms, are a prelude to the Gaia hypothesisdeveloped later by James Lovelock(1988) and the Gaia philosophythat began to stem from it.

Resource Conservation

Gifford Pinchot, at the beginning of the 20th century, develops an ethicsof resource conservation, which is based on an utilitarian philosophy encapsulated in his slogan "the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time". Pinchot, trained as a forester in Europe, believed in the complementarity of conservation and development. According to him, Nature is a set of things defined by their utility or their harmful character. He defends the sharing of resources between all users, current and future (a first approach to sustainable development) by avoiding despoiling. However, he does not take into account the costs of degradation and pollution of the environment nor the erosion of resources. This view is taken by the modern environmental movementand the attempts to assign a value of Earth, value of lifeand quantify nature's services.

Evolutionary-Ecological

With Aldo Leopold(A Sand County Almanac, 1949), an evolutionary ecology develops, a prospect marked by dynamism rather than by static conservation. In his famous chapter Land ethics, Leopold states A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.

As an extension, Donella Meadowslater defined eco-evolutionas a prerequisite to the intelligent extension of a system - a theme carried to its limits by Deep Ecology.

See also

• Conservationist
• Conservation movement
• Conservation ecology
• Conservation biology
• Ex-situ conservation
• In-situ conservation
• List of conservation topics
• Timeline of environmental events
• Diversity, Biodiversity, Cultural diversity
• Protected area
• Global 200
• Environmental movement
• Environmental organizations
• Globalization
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
• Federal Duck Stamp

External link

• Dictionary of the History of ideas:Conservation of Natural Resources

References

• Conservation: Replacing Quantity With Quality As a Goal for Global Management by Carl F. Jordan-John Wiley & Sons - ISBN 0471595152- (January 1995)
• Conservation Biology : an evolutionary ecological perspective (Soulé et Wilcox, 1980)
• Conservation and evolution (Frankel et Soulé, 1981)
• Glacken, C.J. (1967) Traces on the Rhodian Shore. University of California Press. Berkeley
• Grove, R.H. (1992) 'Origins of Western Environmentalism', Scientific American 267(1): 22-27.
• Leopold, A. (1966) A Sand County Almanac. Oxford University Press. New York.cs:Ochrana p?írody

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation+ethic Wikipedia article Conservation ethic.