Borna disease

Borna disease is an infectious neurologicalsyndrome of warm-bloodedanimals, which causes abnormal behaviour and fatality. Originally identified in sheepand horsesin Europe, it has since been found to occur in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including birds, cattle, catsand primatesand has been found in animals in Europe, Asia, Africaand North America. The name is derived from the town of Bornain Saxony, Germany, which suffered an epidemic of the disease in horses in 1885.

Borna disease in sheep and horses arises after a four week incubation period followed by the development of immune-mediated meningitisand encephalomyelitis. Clinical manifestations vary but may include excited or depressed behaviour, ataxia, ocular disorders and abnormal posture and movement. Mortality rates are 80-100% in horses and greater than 50% in sheep.

Borna disease in the horse gives rise to signs like:

• Unusual posture, gait and ear positions
• Movement Disturbances (principally ataxiaor excess movement)
• "Pipe smoking" - hay or straw in mouth, but no chewing

Borna Virus

The causative agent of Borna disease, Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropicvirusand is the sole member of the Bornaviridae family within the Mononegavirales order. It has the smallest genome(8.9 kilobases) of any Mononegavirales species and is unique within that order in its ability to replicate within the host cell nucleus.

Although the virus is seen mainly as the causative agent of borna disease in horsesand other animals, recent findings have implicated the borna virus in some human neurological and psychiatric conditions including bipolar disorder.

The mode of transmission of BDV is unclear but probably occurs through intranasal exposure to contaminated salivaor nasal secretions. Following infection, individuals may develop Borna disease, or may remain subclinical, possibly acting as a carrier of the virus.

BDV also infects humans and is therefore considered to be a zoonotic agent. The role of BDV in human illness is controversial and it is yet to be established whether BDV causes any overt disease in humans. However, correlative evidence exists linking BDV infection with neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder.

The Borna virus was isolated from a diseased horse in the 1970s, but the virus particles were difficult to characterise. Nonetheless the virus' genomehas been characterised. It is a single-stranded negative strand RNA virusof the order mononegavirales. This order contains the family of lyssaviruses which includes the viruses responsible for rabies. A new family named the bornaviridae was created to hold this virus.

Effects in other species

Borna virus appears to have a wide host range, having been detected in horses, cattle, sheep, dogsand foxes. In 1995, the virus was isolated from catssuffering from a "staggering disease" in Sweden. Since that time, the virus has been detected in cats in Japanand Britainalso.

In Germany, Japanand the USAthe virus has been detected in humans, and it has a controversial association with human disease, particularly of the psychiatrickind.

Experimental infection of ratshas been demonstrated to lead to learning impairments and altered social behaviour. The virus appears to be distributed primarily in the limbic systemof the brain, including the hippocampusand entorhinal cortex. These areas of the brain are considered to be of importance in emotion.

Borna Virus as an agent of human disease

In an experiment in 2000, Liv Bodeand Hans Ludwigfound that patients suffering from major depressionand bipolar disorderwere more likely than healthy blood donors to have antibodiesto Borna virus (indicative of prior infection) and to have borna virus components present. They have claimed that up to 50% of cases of depression could be attributable to infection with borna virus.

Some other evidence cited in favour of the idea that borna virus could be responsible for human psychiatric disease includes the fact that the drug Amantadine, which is used to treat influenzainfections, has had some success in treating depression. Nonetheless, there are counter-claims that borna virus infections are not cleared by amantadine. The issue is further complicated by the fact that amantadine is also used in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease, so may have direct effects on the nervous system.

The link between borna virus and human psychiatric disease is not yet conclusively proven, and there is much controversy among researchers about the validity of claims made.

References

Koprowski, H. and Lipkin, W. I. (Eds) (1995). Borna disease. Springer-Verlag.zh:玻那病毒科

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borna+disease Wikipedia article Borna disease.