Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical technique for measuring muscleresponse to nervousstimulation. EMG is performed using an instrumentcalled an electromyograph, to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects the electrical potentialgenerated by muscle cellswhen these cells contract.

Electrical Characteristics

Signal similar to an electrical noise, gaussian distribution.

Voltage range : 0 to 10mV.

Frequency range : 15Hz to 500Hz.

Uses

EMG can help to distinguish primary muscle conditions from muscle weakness caused by neurologic disorders. It can be used to differentiate between true weakness and reduced use due to pain or lack of motivation. It is used to find causes of weakness, paralysis, involuntary twitching, and abnormal levels of muscle enzymes. It can help diagnose neuromuscular disorders such as Motor Neurone Disease, neuropathy, nerve damage and muscle damage. See #Abnormal results.

Electromyography is also used in biofeedbackstudies and training. Electromyography training is a kind of biofeedback in which patients learn to control muscle tension in the face, neck, and shoulders. For example, such training is sometimes given to migrainepatients.

Procedure

To perform EMG, needleelectrodesare inserted through the skininto the muscle tissue. Each electrode gives only an average picture of the activity of the selected muscle, because skeletal musclesare isolated and often large units. Several electrodes may need to be placed at various locations to obtain an accurate study. Then the patient is asked to contract the muscle. Each muscle fiber that contracts produces an action potential (a change in electrical potential), which is displayed on the electromyogram. The form of the action potential provides information about the ability of the muscle to respond when the nerves are stimulated. The size of the muscle fiber affects the rate (frequency) and size (amplitude) of the action potentials.

A nerve conduction velocitytest is often done at the same time as an EMG.

Because of the needle electrodes, EMG may be somewhat painful to the patient, and the muscle may feel tender for a few days. There also exists "needleless EMG"—an EMG performed using surface electrodes—though it gives much less accurate results with a higher level of disturbance from the surrounding environment.

Normal results

Muscle tissue at rest is normally electrically inactive. After the activity caused by the trauma of needle insertion subsides, the electromyograph should detect no action potential. When the muscle is voluntarily contracted, action potentials begin to appear. As contraction is increased, more and more muscle fibers produce action potentials. When the muscle is fully contracted, there should appear a disorderly group of action potentials of varying rates and amplitudes (a complete recruitment and interference pattern).

Abnormal results

Abnormal results may be caused by the following medical conditions:

• Alcoholic neuropathy
• Axillary nerve dysfunction
• Becker's muscular dystrophy
• Brachial plexopathy
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Cervical spondylosis
• Common peroneal nerve dysfunction
• Denervation (reduced nervous stimulation)
• Dermatomyositis
• Distal median nerve dysfunction
• Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy(Landouzy-Dejerine)
• Familial periodic paralysis
• Femoral nerve dysfunction
• Fields condition[1]
• Friedreich's ataxia
• Guillain-Barre
• Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
• Mononeuritis multiplex
• Mononeuropathy
• Motor neurone disease
• Myasthenia gravis
• Myopathy(muscle degeneration, which may be caused by a number of disorders, including muscular dystrophy)
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Poliomyelitis
• Polymyositis
• Radial nerve dysfunction
• Sciatic nerve dysfunction
• Sensorimotor polyneuropathy
• Shy-Drager syndrome
• Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
• Tibial nerve dysfunction
• Ulnar nerve dysfunction

References

• MedlinePlus entry on EMGdescribes EMG
• University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Centerdescribes the electromyographde:Elektromyografie

nl:Elektromyogram sv:Elektromyografi

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromyography Wikipedia article Electromyography.