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Maternal death

**{{{Name|Maternal death}}}**
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Maternal death (or "obstetric death") is the deathof a woman that occurs directly related to childbirth. The United Nationsestimated a world-wide total of 529,000 maternal deaths in the year 2000with less than one percent of deaths occurring in developed nations. Most of these deaths since the middle 1900s are needless, because the remediesare well known.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Major causes
2 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
3 Associated risk factors
4 Maternal death rates in the 20th century
5 Famous Maternal deaths in reality and fiction
6 See also
7 External links

Major causes

The major causes of maternal death are bacterial infection, toxemia, obstetrical hemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy, puerperal sepsis, amniotic fluidembolus, and unsafe abortions.

As stated by the 2005 WHOreport "Make Every mother and Child Count" they are: severe bleeding/haemorrhage (25%), infections (13%), eclampsia(12%), obstructed labour (8%), complications of abortion (13%), other direct causes (8%), and indirect causes (20%). Indirect causes such as malaria, anaemia, HIV/AIDS and cardiovascular disease, complicate pregnancy or are aggrevated by it.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

Maternal Mortality Ratiois the ratio of the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The MMR is used as a measure of the quality of a health care system. Sierra Leonehas the highest maternal death rate at 2,000, and Afghanistanhas the second highest maternal death rate at 1900 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, reported by the UN based on 2000 figures. Lowest rates included Icelandat 0 per 100,000 and Austriaat 4 per 100,000. In the United States, the maternal death rate was 17 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2000. "Lifetime risk of maternal death" accounts for number of pregnancies and risk. In sub-Saharan Africa the lifetime risk of maternal death is 1 in 16, for developed nations only 1 in 2,800.

Associated risk factors

High rates of maternal deaths occur in the same countries that have high rates of infant mortalityreflecting generally poor nutrition and medical care.

Low birth weight of the child increases the risk of maternal death from cardiovascular disease. Subtracting one pound of infant birth weight doubles the risk of maternal death. Therefore, the heavier the birth weight of child, the lower the risk of maternal death.

Maternal death rates in the 20th century

The death rate for women giving birth plummeted in the 20th century.

At the beginning of the century, maternal death rates were around their historical level of nearly 1 in 100 for live births. The number today in the United Statesis 1 in 10,000, a 99% decline.

The decline in maternal deaths has been due largely to improved asespsis, use of cesarian section, fluid management and blood transfusion, and better prenatal care.

Famous Maternal deaths in reality and fiction

List of women who died in childbirth

External links

The World Health Report 2005 ? Make Every Mother and Child Count

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/Maternal_death"

Categories: Death| Obstetrics

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia article Maternal death.

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