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Sports medicineSports medicine or sport medicine is an interdisciplinarysubspecialty of medicinewhich deals with the treatment and preventivecare of athletes, both amateurand professional. The team includes specialty physiciansand surgeons, athletic trainers, physical therapists, coaches, other personnel, and, of course, the athlete.
HistoryThe origins of sports medicine lie in a well ancient Greeceand ancient Romewhere physical educationwas a necessary aspect of youth – training and athletic contests first became a part of everyday life during these times. However, it was not until in 1928at the Olympicsin St. Moritz, when a committee came together to plan the First International Congress of Sports Medicine, that the term itself was coined. In the 5th century, however, the care of athleteswas primarily the responsibility of specialists. They were trainer-coaches and were considered to be experts on diet, physical therapy, and hygieneas well as on sport-specific techniques. The first use of therapeutic exercise is credited to Herodicus, who is thought to have been one of Hippocrates' teachers. Until the 2nd century AD, when the first "team doctor", Galen, was appointed to the gladiators, the physicianonly became involved if there was an injury. Whether or not there was good communication or rapport between the trainer-coaches and the team physician back then is a matter of speculation. What is clear however, is that from its beginnings, Sport Medicine has been multidisciplinary with the obligation not only to treat injuries but also to instruct and prepare athletes. This link with physical education has remained in place throughout its evolution. Sports medicine todaySports medicine has always been difficult to define because it is not a single specialty, but an area that involves health care professionals, researchersand educatorsfrom a wide variety of disciplines. Its function is not only curative and rehabilitative, but also preventative, which may actually be the most important one of all. Despite this wide scope, there has been a tendency for many to assume that sport-related problems are by default musculoskeletaland that sports medicine is an orthopaedicspecialty. There is much more to sports medicine than just musculoskeletal diagnosis and treatment. Illness or injury in sport can be caused by many factors – from environmentalto physiologicaland psychological. Consequently, sports medicine can encompass an array of specialties - cardiology, orthopaedic surgery, biomechanics, traumatology, etc. For example, heat, cold or altitude during training and competition can alter performance or may even be life threatening. What about the female triadof disordered eating, menstrual and bone density problems, and the pregnantor the aging athlete? In addition, the management of dermatologicaland endocrinologicaldiseases and other such problems in the athlete demands expertise and sport-specific knowledge. The use of supplements, pharmacological or otherwise, and the topics of doping controland gender verificationpresent complex moral, legaland health-related difficulties. Then there are the particular problems associated with international sporting events, such as the effects of travel, acclimatization and the attempt to balance an athlete's participation and her or his health. Much of this represents new fields of study where extensive clinical and basic science research is burgeoning. Finally, prevention is an area of increasingly specialized knowledge, interest and expertise. United StatesThe Sports Medicine Specialist is a leader of the sports medicine team, which also includes specialty physicians and surgeons, physiologists, athletic trainers, physical therapists, coaches, other personnel, and, of course, the athlete. They are physicians with a primary specialty in family practice, internal medicine, emergency medicine, pediatrics, or physical medicine and rehabilitation, most of whom obtain 1-2 years of additional training through accredited fellowship (subspecialty) programs in sports medicine. Physicians, who are board certified in family practice, internal medicine, emergency medicine, or pediatrics, are then eligible to take a subspecialty qualification examination in sports medicine. Additional forums, which add to the expertise of a Sports Medicine Specialist, include continuing education in sports medicine, and membership and participation in sports medicine societies. Sports medicine has been a recognized subspecialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties since 1989. Currently there are more than 70 sports medicine fellowships and approximately one thousand certified Sports Medicine Specialists in the United States. First olympic sports medicine teamWhile watching his daughter Louise swim at the 1968 Summer Olympicsin Mexico City, Dr. J C Kennedy, a doctor based in London, Ontarioin Canadaconcluded for a variety of reasons that competing athletic teams from Canada should be accompanied by qualified and well organized medical care.This belief led him to be a founding father of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. One of the primary mandates of this society was to provide expert care to Canadian athletes, and in 1972he was appointed chief medical officer of the first "true" medical team at the 1972 Summer Olympicsin Munich, Germany. Other countries soon followed this example and assigned medical teams to Olympic athletes. Dr. Kennedy's vision was not limited to travelling Canadian athletes. .At a time when sport medicine clinics were unheard of in Canada, he convinced his university's administration to convert a former wrestling "combatives" room into The Athletic Injuries Clinic that officially opened in 1972. The first Nautilus equipmentin Canada was purchased from funds raised to outfit this clinic. Dr. Kennedy inspired and fostered an interest in research in sport medicine, for which the University of Western Ontario(UWO) and London, Ontario have become known. The future of sports medicineMany believe that sports medicine will make its most significant future contributions in the area of prevention. According to Dr. David Janda, orthopaedic surgeon and director of The Institute for Preventative Medicinein Michigan, prevention is sports medicine's final frontier. The risk of injury will never be entirely eliminated, but modifications in training techniques, equipment, sports venues and rules based on outcomes of meaningful research have shown that it can be lowered. One rapidly advancing field with great potential for applications in prevention is the study of the body's neuromuscularadaptations. For example, a study of specific preseason neuromuscular training in soccerplayers demonstrated a significant decrease in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligamenttears. In another investigation by Janda et al., serious injuries in recreational softballwere reduced by 98% when breakaway bases were used. Participation in all forms of physical activity at all levels is a huge part of everyday modern life and its benefits to health and quality of life are clear. Sports medicine will continue to grow and develop so that these benefits can be fully and safely realized. References
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es:Medicina deportiva ja:?????? pt:Medicina esportiva Categories: Medical specialties| Orthopedics| Sports medicine
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