Hemorrhoid

Hemorrhoids (also known as haemorrhoids or piles) are varicosities or swellingand inflammationof veinsin the rectumand anus.

Types and symptoms of hemorrhoids

Two of the most common types of hemorrhoids are external and internal hemorrhoids. ICD-10codes are provided below.

• (I84.3-I84.5) External hemorrhoids are those that occur outside of the anal verge(the distalend of the anal canal). They are sometimes painful, and can be accompanied by swelling and irritation. Itching, although often thought to be a symptom from external hemorrhoids, is more commonly due to skin irritation.
  • (I84.3) If the vein ruptures and a blood clotdevelops, the hemorrhoid becomes a thrombosed hemorrhoid.

• (I84.0-I84.2) Internal hemorrhoids are those that occur inside the rectum. As this area lacks pain receptors, internal hemorrhoids are usually not painful and most people are not aware that they have them. Internal hemorrhoids, however, may bleed when irritated.

• (I84.1) Untreated internal hemorrhoids can lead to two severe forms of hemorrhoids: prolapsed and strangulated hemorrhoids.
  • Prolapsed hemorrhoids are internal hemorrhoids that are so distended that they are pushed outside of the anus.
  • If the anal sphinctermuscle goes into spasmand traps a prolapsed hemorrhoid outside of the anal opening, the supply of blood is cut off, and the hemorrhoid becomes a strangulated hemorrhoid.

Prevalence

Hemorrhoids are very common. It is estimated that approximately one half of all Americanshave this condition by the age of 50. However, only a small number seek medical treatment. Annually, only about 500,000 people are medically treated for hemorrhoids, with 10 to 20% of them requiring surgeries.

Causes

The causes of hemorrhoids include genetic predisposition (weak rectal vein walls and/or valves), straining during bowelmovements, and too much pressure on the rectal veins due to poor posture or muscle tone. Constipation, chronic diarrhea, poor bathroom habits (sitting for unusually long periods of time [e.g. readingon the toilet] or excessive cleaning attempts), pregnancy, postponing bowel movements, and fiber-deprived diet can also contribute.

Insufficient hydration (caused by not drinking enough water, or drinking too much of diureticliquids such as coffeeor colas) can cause a hard stool, which can lead to hemorroidal irritation.

An excess of lactic acidin the stool, a product of excessive consumption of milk products such as cheese, can cause irritation and a reduction of consumption can bring relief.

Additional factors that can cause hemorrhoids (mostly by increasing rectal vein pressure), especially for those with a genetic predisposition, are obesityand a sedentary lifestyle.

Prevention

Prevention of hemorrhoids includes drinking more fluids, eating more dietary fiber, exercising, practicing better posture, and reducing bowel movement strain and time. Hemorrhoid sufferers should avoid using laxativesand should strictly limit time straining during bowel movement. Wearing tight clothing and underwear will also contribute to irritation and poor muscle tone in the region and promote hemorrhoid development. Some sufferers report a more comfortable experience without underwear or wearing only very lightweight panties etc.

Straining can be lessened by defecating in a standing position, knees slightly bent. This position seems to use the muscles of the abdomen to expel feces preventing a strain on the anus. Fluids emitted by the intestinal tract may contain irritants that may increase the fissures associated with hemorrhoids. Washing the anus with cool water and soap, may reduce the swelling and increase blood supply for quicker healing and may remove irritating fluids.

Examination

After visual examination of the anus and surrounding area for external or prolapsed hemorrhoids, a doctor would conduct a digital examination. In addition to probing for hemorrhoidal bulges, a doctor would also look for indications of rectal tumoror polyp, enlarged prostatesand abscesses.

Visual confirmation of hemorrhoids can be done using a medical device called an anoscope. This device is basically a hollow tube with a light attached at one end that allows the doctor to see the internal hemorrhoids, as well as polyps in the rectum.

If warranted, more detailed examinations, such as sigmoidoscopyand colonoscopycan be performed. In sigmoidoscopy, the last 25 inches of the colonand rectum are examined whereas in colonoscopy the entire bowel is examined.

A pathologist will look for dilated vascular spaces which exhibit thrombosis and recanalization.

Treatments

Treatments for hemorrhoids vary in their cost, risk, and effectiveness. Different cultures and individuals approach treatment differently. Some of the treatments used are listed here in increasing order of intrusiveness and cost.

Temporary relief

For many people, hemorrhoids are mild and temporary conditions that heal spontaneously or by the same measures recommended for prevention. In these cases, warm sitz bath using a bidet, extendable showerhead, cold compress, or topical analgesic (such as Preparation H), is sufficient to provide temporary relief. Consistent use of medicated suppositories (such as Anusol) during the early stages of a hemorrhoid flare-up will also provide relief and may stave off further development and irritation. Keep the area clean and dry, with some lubrication provided by hemorrhoidal creams or suppositories.

Natural treatments

Some people successfully apply natural procedures for treatment or reversal of chronic conditions. These procedures largely echo the prevention measures. They include:

• Reducing regional pressure in such ways as improving posture and muscle tone
• Taking herbs and dietary supplements that strengthen vein walls, such as butcher's broom, horse chestnut, bromelain, and Japanese pagoda treeextracts
• Topical application of natural astringentsand soothing agents, such as Witch hazel (astringent), cranesbill and aloe vera
• Eating fiber-rich bulking agents such as plantainand psylliumto help create soft stool that is easy to pass to lessen the irritation of existing hemorrhoids.
• Using the squatting position for bowel movements. (See external links below)

A recent review found that oral dietary supplementation helps treat and prevent many complications of hemorrhoids (1). The review recommended natural botanicals such as Butchers Broom, Horse Chestnut, and bioflavonoids as an effective addition to hemorrhoid treatment.

Butcher's Broom: Butcher?s broom extract, or Ruscus aculeatus, contains ruscogenins that have anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictor effects. Supplementation with Butcher?s Broom helps tighten and strengthen veins. Butcher?s broom has traditionally been used to treat venous problems including hemorrhoids and varicose veins. (2-4)

Horse Chestnut: Horse chestnut extract, or Aesculus hippocastanum, contains a saponin known as aescin, that has anti-inflammatory, anti-edema, and venotonic actions. Aescin improves tone in vein walls, thereby strengthening the support structure of the vein. Double blind studies have shown that supplementation with horse chestnut helps relieve the pain and swelling associated with chronic venous insufficiency. (5,6)

Bilberry Bioflavonoid: Bilberry extract, or Vaccinium myrtillus, is an anthocyanoside bioflavonoid. Supplementation with this potent flavonoid protects and maintains venous strength and function. (2,7)

Medical treatments

Some people require the following medical treatments for chronic or severe hemorrhoids:

• Hemorrhoidolysis/Galvanic Electrotherapy: desiccation of the hemorrhoid by electrical current, a painless and highly effective means of treatment.
• Dilation: stretching of the anal sphincter muscle. Although no longer popular due to potential side effects, this treatment can be successfully applied to select cases of strangulated hemorrhoids.
• Rubber band ligation: elastic bands are applied onto an internal hemorrhoid to cut off its blood supply. Within several weeks, the withered hemorrhoid is sloughed off during normal bowel movement.
• Sclerotherapy(injection therapy): sclerosant or hardening agent is injected into hemorrhoids. This causes the vein walls to collapse and the hemorrhoids to shrivel up.
• Cryosurgery: a frozen tip of a cryoprobeis used to destroy hemorrhoidal tissues. Rarely used anymore.
• Laser, infared or BICAP coagulation: laser, infrared beam, or electricityis used to cauterize the affected tissues.
• Hemorrhoidectomy: a true surgical procedure to excise and remove hemorrhoids.
• Stapled Hemorrhoidectomy: Also called the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids, it is designed to resect soft tissue proximal to the dentate line, which disrupts the blood flow to the hemorrhoids. It is generally less painful than any other treatment for hemorrhoids and also allows for faster recovery times.

For some people, surgery may be the only treatment option for very severe cases, chronic or resistant cases of hemorrhoids, such as prolapsed, thrombosed, or strangulated hemorrhoids.

Diseases with similar symptoms

Symptoms associated with rectal cancer, fissure, anal abscess, fistula, and other diseases may be similar to those produced by hemorrhoids and may be reduced by the topical analgesic methods described above. For this reason, it is a good idea to consult with a physician when these symptoms are encountered, particularly for the first time, and periodically should the problem continue.

See also

• Anal fissure

External links

• NIDDK-NIH Hemorrhoid
• eMedicine Hemorrhoids
• MEDLINEplus Hemorrhoids
• Hemorrhoids In Plain English
• American Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons
• Squatting for the Prevention of HemorrhoidsArticle published in the Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients, Issue No. 159, October 1996, pp. 66-70

References

1. MacKay D. Hemorrhoids and varicose veins: a review of treatment options. Altern Med Rev. Apr2001;6(2):126-40.

2. Pizzorno JE and Murray MT, eds. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, revised 2nd edition, CA: Prima Publishing, 1998: 829.

3. Rudofsky G. Improving venous tone and capillary sealing: effect of a combination of ruscus extract and hesperidine methyl chalcone in healthy probands in heat stree. Fortschr Med 1989 107(19):55-.

4. Cappelli R et al. Use of extract of ruscus aculeatus in venous disease in the lower limbs. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1988 14(4):277-83.

5. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse Chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency: a criteria-based systematic review. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1356-60.

6. Diehm C et al. Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet 1996;347:292-4.

7. Murray MT. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements, NY: Three Rivers Press, 1996: 326.cs:Hemoroid de:Hämorrhoiden es:Hemorroides fr:Hémorroïde ko:?? lt:Hemorojus nl:Aambei ja:? pl:?ylaki odbytu sk:Hemoroidy sv:Hemorrojder fi:Peräpukama zh:??

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhoid Wikipedia article Hemorrhoid.