Permissive hypercapnia

Permissive hypercapnia is hypercapnia, (i.e. high concentration of carbon dioxidein blood), in respiratory insufficientpatients in which oxygenationhas become so difficult that the optimal mode of mechanical ventilation(with oxygenation in mind) is not capable of exchanging enough carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gaseousproduct of the body'smetabolismand is normally expelled through the lungs.

Since hypoxemiais a major life threatening condition and hypercapnia is not, one might choose to accept the latter. Hence the term, "permissive hypercapnia."

Symptoms

Symptoms of early hypercapnia (i.e. where PaCO₂ is elevated but not extremely so) include flushed skin, full pulse, extrasystoles, muscle twitches, hand flaps, and possibly a raised blood pressure. In severe hypercapnia (generally PaCO₂ greater than 10kPaor 75mmHg), symptomatology progresses to disorientation, panic, hyperventilation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and eventually death.

See also

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Mechanical ventilation

References

• {{qif

 |test={{{Authorlink|}}}
 |then={{wikilink
   |1={{{Authorlink}}}
   |2={{qif
     |test={{{Author|}}}
     |then=Irwin, Richard S. and Rippe, James M.
     |else={{{Last|}}}{{qif
       |test={{{First|}}}
       |then=, {{{First}}}
     }}
   }}
 }}
 |else={{qif
   |test={{{Author|}}}
   |then=Irwin, Richard S. and Rippe, James M.
   |else={{{Last|}}}{{qif
     |test={{{First|}}}
     |then=, {{{First}}}
   }}
 }}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Coauthors|}}}
 |then=, {{{Coauthors}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Date|}}}
 |then= ({{{Date}}})
 |else={{qif
   |test={{{Year|}}}
   |then={{qif
     |test={{{Month|}}}
     |then= ({{{Month}}} 2003)
     |else= (2003)
   }}
 }}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Author|{{{Last|{{{Year|}}}}}}}}}
 |then=.

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Chapter|}}}
 |then= "{{qif
  |test={{{ChapterURL|}}}
  |then=[{{{ChapterURL}}} {{{Chapter}}}]
  |else={{{Chapter}}}

}}"}}{{qif

 |test={{{Editor|}}}
 |then= {{{Editor}}}

}} {{qif

 |test={{{URL|}}}
 |then=Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine
 |else=Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Others|}}}
 |then=, {{{Others}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Edition|}}}
 |then=, Fifth Edition

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Pages|}}}
 |then=, {{{Pages}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Publisher|}}}
 |then=, {{qif
   |test={{{Location|}}}
   |then={{{Location}}}: 
 }}Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

}}{{qif

 |test={{{ID|}}}
 |then=. ISBN 0-7817-3548-3

}}.

• {{qif

 |test={{{Authorlink|}}}
 |then={{wikilink
   |1={{{Authorlink}}}
   |2={{qif
     |test={{{Author|}}}
     |then=Marino, Paul
     |else={{{Last|}}}{{qif
       |test={{{First|}}}
       |then=, {{{First}}}
     }}
   }}
 }}
 |else={{qif
   |test={{{Author|}}}
   |then=Marino, Paul
   |else={{{Last|}}}{{qif
     |test={{{First|}}}
     |then=, {{{First}}}
   }}
 }}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Coauthors|}}}
 |then=, {{{Coauthors}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Date|}}}
 |then= ({{{Date}}})
 |else={{qif
   |test={{{Year|}}}
   |then={{qif
     |test={{{Month|}}}
     |then= ({{{Month}}} 1997)
     |else= (1997)
   }}
 }}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Author|{{{Last|{{{Year|}}}}}}}}}
 |then=.

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Chapter|}}}
 |then= "{{qif
  |test={{{ChapterURL|}}}
  |then=[{{{ChapterURL}}} {{{Chapter}}}]
  |else={{{Chapter}}}

}}"}}{{qif

 |test={{{Editor|}}}
 |then= {{{Editor}}}

}} {{qif

 |test={{{URL|}}}
 |then=The ICU Book
 |else=The ICU Book

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Others|}}}
 |then=, {{{Others}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Edition|}}}
 |then=, Second Edition

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Pages|}}}
 |then=, {{{Pages}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Publisher|}}}
 |then=, {{qif
   |test={{{Location|}}}
   |then={{{Location}}}: 
 }}Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

}}{{qif

 |test={{{ID|}}}
 |then=. ISBN 0-683-05565-8

}}.

• {{qif

 |test={{{Authorlink|}}}
 |then={{wikilink
   |1={{{Authorlink}}}
   |2={{qif
     |test={{{Author|}}}
     |then=Irwin, Richard S., Rippe, James M., Curley, Frederick J., Heard, Stephen O.
     |else={{{Last|}}}{{qif
       |test={{{First|}}}
       |then=, {{{First}}}
     }}
   }}
 }}
 |else={{qif
   |test={{{Author|}}}
   |then=Irwin, Richard S., Rippe, James M., Curley, Frederick J., Heard, Stephen O.
   |else={{{Last|}}}{{qif
     |test={{{First|}}}
     |then=, {{{First}}}
   }}
 }}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Coauthors|}}}
 |then=, {{{Coauthors}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Date|}}}
 |then= ({{{Date}}})
 |else={{qif
   |test={{{Year|}}}
   |then={{qif
     |test={{{Month|}}}
     |then= ({{{Month}}} 2003)
     |else= (2003)
   }}
 }}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Author|{{{Last|{{{Year|}}}}}}}}}
 |then=.

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Chapter|}}}
 |then= "{{qif
  |test={{{ChapterURL|}}}
  |then=[{{{ChapterURL}}} {{{Chapter}}}]
  |else={{{Chapter}}}

}}"}}{{qif

 |test={{{Editor|}}}
 |then= {{{Editor}}}

}} {{qif

 |test={{{URL|}}}
 |then=Procedures and Techniques in Intensive Care Medicine
 |else=Procedures and Techniques in Intensive Care Medicine

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Others|}}}
 |then=, {{{Others}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Edition|}}}
 |then=, Third Edition

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Pages|}}}
 |then=, {{{Pages}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Publisher|}}}
 |then=, {{qif
   |test={{{Location|}}}
   |then={{{Location}}}: 
 }}{{{Publisher}}}

}}{{qif

 |test={{{ID|}}}
 |then=. ISBN 0-7817-4334-6

}}.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive+hypercapnia Wikipedia article Permissive hypercapnia.