Depression (mood)

"Sad" redirects here; for the three letter acronym, see SAD, or for the Qur'anic sura see Sad

Depression, or, more properly, a depressed mood, refers to a state of non-clinical melancholiathat is shorter than 2 weeks in duration and distinctly differentiated from a diagnosis of clinical depression. A depressed mood is generally situational and reactive, and associated with grief, loss, or a major social transition. A change of residence, marriage, divorce, the break-up of a significant relationship, graduation, or job loss are all examples of instances that might trigger a depressed mood.

In the field of psychiatrythe word depression can also have this meaning but more specifically refers to a mental illnesswhen it has reached a severity and duration to warrant a diagnosis. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) states that a depressed mood is often reported as being: "... depressed, sad, hopeless, discouraged, or 'down in the dumps'."

In a clinical setting, a depressed mood can be something a patient reports (a symptom), or something a clinician observes (a sign), or both.

Determinants of mood

Depression can be the result of many factors, individually and acting in concert.

Environment

Reactions to events, often a loss in some form, are perhaps the most obvious causes. This loss may be obvious, such as the death of a loved one, or having moved from one house to another (mainly with children), or less obvious, such as disillusionment about one's career prospects. Monotonous environments can be depressing. A lack of control over one's environment can lead to feelings of helplessness. Domestic disputes and financial difficulties are common causes of a depressed mood. Love, or lack of being able to express your feelings can lead to a feeling of unexplainable sadness or grief.

Psychological Factors

Sometimes the depressed mood may relate more to internal processes or even be triggered by them. Pessimistic views of life or a lack of self-esteem can lead to depression. Illnesses and changes in cognitionthat occur in psychosesand dementias, to name but two, can lead to depression. Depression may also be comorbid with cardiovascular disorders. Some examples are Toronto Maple Leafs fans reacting to a losing steak by their team. [1].

Physiological Considerations

The etiologyof depression is still being actively investigated. Because different biologicals variables seem to ellicit similar expressions of depression, it is difficult to precisely pinpoint the condition's root. Some general physiological considerations include Genetics(i.e. an acquired disposition to depression), neurochemistry(e.g. decreased Serotoninrelease), hormoneimbalance (e.g. PMSin women), illnessand seasonal factors. See Clinical depression.

Adaptive benefits of depression

While a depressed mood is usually seen as deleterious, it may have adaptive benefits. The loss of a loved spouse, child, friend or relation, a physical illness or loss of lifestyle, tends to lead to feelings of depression. Freudnoted the similarities between mourning and depression (then called melancholia) in a now famous paper entitled, "Mourning and Melancholia". The depressed mood is adaptive in that it leads the person towards altering their thought patterns and behavior or way of living or else continues until such a time as they do so. It can be argued that depression and clinical depressionis in fact the refusal of a person to heed the call to change from within their own mind. For example, in mourning it is essential that one must eventually let go of the dead person and return to the world and other relationships.

Depression appears to have the effect of stopping a person in their tracks and forcing them to turn inwards and engage in a period of self reflection; it is a deeply introspective state. During this period, which can last anything from days to years, the individual must find a new way to interpret their thoughts and feelings and reassess the extent to which their appraisal of their reality is a valid.

Seasonal affective disordermay point to an atavisticlink with behaviour in hibernation.

External links

• Mood MonitorSelf test adopted from the Goldberg Depression Inventory for electronic distribution
• Exit DepressionShort article about theories on depression.
• Depression and Bipolar DisorderA description of the various forms of depression vs. bipolar disorder
• Mozilla Open Directory: Depression- categorized links relating to the topic of depression.
• A Buddhist View on Depression
• Depressed? Read Abraham Lincoln's Words
• McMan's Depression and Bipolar Web
• Depression Forums - A Depression & Mental Health Community Support Group
• Depression and aggressionpersonal views
• Depression Learning Path A free online course that aims to equip people with all the knowledge required to understand, treat and ultimately overcome depression
• Depression ReleaseDepression Treatment Advice
• AuroraMD provides Primary Care screening servicessimple:Sad

cs:Deprese (psychologie)

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression+%28mood%29 Wikipedia article Depression (mood).