Physical trauma

Physical trauma refers to an injury. In medicine, however, the words trauma patient usually refer to someone who has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury potentially resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failureand death.

Specialized care

Trauma patients require specialized care, including surgeryand often blood transfusion, within the so-called golden hourof emergency medicine, the first sixty minutes after trauma occurs. This is not a strict deadline, but recognises that many deaths which could have been prevented by appropriate care occur a relatively short time after injury. In many places organized trauma referral systems have been set up to provide rapid care for injured people. Research has shown that deaths from physical trauma decline where there are organized trauma systems.

Care techniques

In a prehospitalsetting, also called the "field", emergency medical technicians, paramedics, specialized nurses, and less trained providers known as 'first responders', use stabilizationtechniques to improve the chances of a trauma patient surviving the ambulancetrip to the hospital. Professionals begin performing a primary survey, consisting of assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation (called the "ABC's"). The purpose of the primary survey is to identify life-threatening problems. Ensuring that the injured person is not disabled by unnecessary movement of the spineis paramount, so the neck and back are secured before moving the patient. Unless the victim is in imminent danger of death, first responders will usually "load and go" transporting the victim immediately to the nearest appropriate trauma-equipped hospital.

Upon completion of the primary survey, the secondary survey is begun. This may occur during transport or upon arrival at the hospital. The secondary survey consists of a systematic assessment of the abdominal, pelvic and thoracic viscera, complete inspection of the body surface to find all injuries, and neurological exam. The purpose of the secondary survey is to identify all injuries so that they may be treated. A missed injury is one which is not found during the initial assessment (for example, as a patient is brought into a hospital's Emergency Department), but rather manifests itself at a later point in time, sometimes with baleful consequences (i.e., a liver laceration is sometimes missed and a patient sent home, who will abruptly go into shock shortly thereafter.)

The appropriate first aidfor a trauma patient is to immediately call for helpusing the emergency medical service, then treat for shock. Do not move the victim unless failure to do so would create a greater risk to their life (i.e. hazardous chemicals or a spreading fire). Also see wilderness first aidif immediate emergency help is unavailable.

Recent studies

Recently there has been some new research into how to treat physical trauma by comparing different practices and experiences in military conflicts. For example in the Falklands Warthe British military lost most their helicopter support when the Atlantic Conveyor was sunk by an Argentine Exocet, resulting in no fast way to evacuate the wounded from the battlefield. Therefore any soldiers who suffered wounds lay where they fell in bitterly cold weather for hours with no blood transfusion, surgery or medication available. The opposite scenario occurred in the Vietnam Warin which wounded soldiers were quickly airlifted from the battlefield, kept warm and given aggressive medical treatment. The interesting statistic that is being analysed is why the casualty to fatality ratio in the Falklands War was significantly lower than in the Vietnam War.

See also

• Blunt force trauma
• Sharp force trauma
• Clearing the cervical spine
• Emergency medicine
• Emergency Medical Services
• Surgery
• Fluid replacement
• Moulage
• Wound

External links

• Trauma.org
• American Trauma Society
• Society of Trauma Nurses
• Power-Under: Trauma and Nonviolent Social Change -- a book by Steven Winemande:Trauma

pt:trauma (ferimento)

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical+trauma Wikipedia article Physical trauma.