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UrologistsUrology is the field of surgery that focuses on the urinary tractsof males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. In men, the urinary system overlaps with the reproductive system, and in women the urinary tract opens into the vulva. In both sexes, the urinary and reproductive tracts are close together, and disorders of one often affect the other. The organs covered by urology include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs ( testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostateand penis). The discipline combines management of "medical" (i.e., non-surgical) problems such as urinary infections, and "surgical" problems such as the correction of congenital abnormalities and the surgical management of cancers. Only around 20% of Urology patients actually require surgery. Urologists are also involved in the assessment and treatment of incontinence. Urodynamicsis the study of the pressure within the urinary system and Urologists often use diagnostic techniques such as flow cystometryor ambulatory urodynamic profiles to determine the best method of treatment for the patient. This could include medical prescription (e.g. oxybutinin or multiple alpha-blockers) or surgical intervention (e.g. urethral suspension/slings). Other subfields of urology include urologic oncology, stone disease, voiding dysfunction, pediatric urology, sexual dysfunction and male infertility. Urology is closely related to the medical fields of nephrology, andrology, gynecologyand oncology.
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