History of Yoga

The history of Yoga spans from four to eight thousand years ago to the current day. From hints of it's practice in pre-vedictimes, the first elucidations and detailed elaborations in Hindutexts, absorption into Buddhistand Jainphilisophies, upto it's modern suffusion into secular life, it's applicability has stood the test of time.

Pre-Vedic (ca. 6000 - 3000 BCE [?])

Image:Pashupati.gif

Older findings are believed by some to show that "yoga" existed in some form well before the establishment of vedasin the Indian subcontinent:

A triangular amulet seal uncovered at the Mohenjo-daroarchaeological excavation site depicts a male figure sitting cross-legged on a low platform, with arms outstretched. His head is crowned with the horns of a water buffalo. He is surrounded by animals (a fish, an alligator and a snake) and diverse symbols. The likeness on the seal and understandings of the surrounding culture have led to its widely accepted identification as "Pashupati", Lord of the Beasts, a prototype and predecessor of the modern day Hindu god Shiva. The pose is a very familiar one to yogins, representing Shiva much as he is seen today, the meditating ascetic contemplating divine truth in "yoga-posture." ^{[{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME}}#endnote_mohenjodaro]}

Another seal found at the Mohenjo-daro site shows a figure standing on its head, which may depict the practice of yoga.

As such, the history of yoga may go back to eight thousand years, depending on the perspective of the historian, and interpretation of the Mohenjo-daro seals.

Vedic (ca. 2000-1500 BCE)

Yoga was first clearly expounded in the Vedicshastras(Hindu religious texts). Those that estimate Yoga's age to be four thousand years see the history of Yoga from this point.

David Frawley, a Vedic scholar, writes: "Yoga can be traced back to the Rig Vedaitself, the oldest Hindu text which speaks about yoking our mind and insight to the Sun of Truth. Great teachers of early Yoga include the names of many famous Vedic sages like Vasishta, Yajnavalkya, and Jaigishavya."

Ideas of uniting mind, body and soul in the cosmic one, however, do not find real yogic explication until the most important mystic texts of Hinduism, the Upanishadsor Vedanta, commentaries on the Vedas.

Upanishadic (ca. 800-100 BCE)

Explicit examples of the concept and terminology of yoga appear in the Upanishads(primarily thirteen principal texts of the Vedanta, that are the culmination of all Vedic philosophy). ^{[{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME}}#endnote_commentary]}

In the Maitrayaniya Upanishad(ca. 200-300 BCE) yoga surfaces as:

"Shadanga-Yoga - The uniting discipline of the six limbs (shad-anga), as expounded in the Maitrayaniya-Upanishad: (1) breath control (pranayama), (2) sensory inhibition (pratyahara), (3) meditation (dhyana), (4) concentration (dharana), (5) examination (tarka), and (6) ecstasy (samadhi)." ^{[{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME}}#endnote_Upanishad1]}

In the Katha Upanishadyoga surfaces as:

"When the five instruments of knowledge stand still, together with the mind and when the intellect does not move, that is called the Supreme State. - III.10

This, the firm Control of the senses, is what is called yoga. One must then be vigilant; for yoga can be both beneficial and injurious. - III.11"

"Having received this wisdom taught by the King of Death and the entire process of yoga, Nachiketa became free from impurities and death and attained Brahman. Thus it will be also with any other who knows, in this manner, the inmost Self. - III.18"

Of the 108 Upanishads of the Muktikacanon, 17 are considered Yoga Upanishads. They are listed with their associated Veda (?V, SV, ?YV, KYV, AV):

1. Ha?sa (?YV)
2. Am?tabindu (KYV)
3. Am?tan?da (KYV)
4. K?urika (KYV)
5. N?dabindu (?V) [1]
6. Dhy?nabindu (KYV)
7. Brahmavidy? (KYV)
8. Yogatattva (KYV)
9. Tri?ikhi (?YV)
10. Yogach???ma?i (SV)
11. Ma??alabr?hma?a (?YV)
12. ????ilya (AV)
13. Yoga?ikh? (KYV)
14. P??upata (AV)
15. Yogaku??alini (KYV)
16. Dar?ana (SV)
17. Mah?v?kya (AV)

Bhagavad Gita

The protracted discussions of the ultimate, infinite Self, or Atman, and realization of Brahman, are the true legacy of the Upanishads, and the first principal Yoga text is the Bhagavad Gita("The Lord's Song"), also known as Gitopanishad. The Bhagavad Gitaelaborates in detail on Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yogaand Karma Yoga.

Classical - Patanjali's 'Yoga Sutras' (ca. 200 CE)

{main|Yoga Sutras of Patanjali} After the Bhagavad Gita, the next seminal work on Yoga is the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. The Yoga Sutras are a compilation of Yogic thought that is largely Raja Yogicin nature, it was codified some time between the 2nd century BCand the 3rd centuryby Patanjali, and prescribes adherence to "eight limbs" (the sum of which constitute "Ashtanga Yoga") to quiet one's mind and merge with the infinite. These eight limbs not only systematized conventional moral principles espoused by the Gita, but elucidated the practice of Raja Yogain a more detailed manner. Indeed, his "eight-limbed" path has formed the foundation for Raja Yoga and much of TantraYoga (a Hindu deific, Shiva-Shakti yoga system) and Vajrayana Buddhism(Buddhist Tantra Yoga) that came after. It goes as follows:

• Yama(moral codes)
• Niyama(self-purification and study)
• Asana(posture)
• Pranayama(breath control)
• Pratyahara(sense control)
• Dharana(concentration)
• Dhyana(contemplation)
• Samadhi(veridical meditation)

Patanjali, whose own life is virtually unknown, had the impact of further spreading in compact form the essence of Raja Yoga. Some legends speak of his being Adinaga, the first snake, the lower half of his body being that of a snake, upon which the great Hindu God Vishnu reclines. Many say that he was the same Patanjali who wrote commentaries on Panini's singular masterwork on Sanskritgrammar. Others speak of the legends of his birth. A few even dispute his existence and attribute the Yoga Sutrasto many authors, but this is highly unlikely due to the structural, linguistic and stylistic uniformity of the short work. His base is Hindu Samkhyaphilosophy and shows itself to have been highly influenced by the Upanishads.

His Yoga Sutrasespouse a threefold system for attainment of samadhi through tapas (austerities; discipline; literally "heat"), swadhyaya (self-study) and ishwar-pranidhana (contemplation of God).

While Patanjali accepts the idea of what he terms "ishta-devata" (worship of deities as manifestations of the single Brahman), his overall "Ishwar" is not a conventional God with personal form and speaks more to a universal, attributeless Brahman, an impersonal, unknowable, infinite force that is all and transcends all.

Together, the Bhagavad Gita and Yoga Sutras form the theoretical and philosophical base of all yoga. However, as far as Raja Yoga (meditation yoga) goes, it is most precisely captured by Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.

Yoga-bhasya (450 - 850 CE)

The Yoga-bhasya, Veda Vyasa's commentary on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali could have been written as early as 450 CE. Professor J. H. Woods, places the date of the Yoga-bhasya between 650 CE to 850 CE. Trevor Leggett places the date closer to 600 CE based on a commentary to the Yoga-bhasya published in Sanskrit in 1952 in the Madras Government Oriental Series #94 by Polakam Sri Rama Sastriand S. R. Krishnamurti Sastri. Evidence strongly suggests that this sub-commentary was written by Sankarawho lived about 700 CE.

Vacaspati Mishra's Tattva Vaisharadi, a commentary on the Yoga-bhasya was written in ca. 850 CE. ^{[{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME}}#endnote_Yoga-Bhasya]}

Image:Yogini Goddess from Tamil Nadu.jpg

Hatha Yoga Pradipika (1350 - 1400 CE)

Main article: Hatha Yoga Pradipika

In the West, outside of Hindu culture, "yoga" is usually understood to refer to "hatha yoga." Hatha Yoga is, however, a particular system propagated by Swami Swatamarama, a yogic sage of the 15th century in India.

After the Bhagavad Gita and Yoga Sutras, the most fundamental text of Yoga is the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, written by Swami Swatamarama, that in great detail lists all the main asanas, pranayama, mudra and bandha that are familiar to today's yoga student. It runs in the line of Hindu yoga (to distinguish from Buddhist and Jain yoga) and is dedicated to Lord Adinath, a name for Lord Shiva (the Hindu god of destruction), who is alleged to have imparted the secret of Hatha Yoga to his divine consort Parvati. It is common for yogins and tantriks of several disciplines to dedicate their practices to a deity under the Hindu ishta-devata concept (see Patanjali's Yoga Sutras) while always striving to achieve beyond that: Brahman. Hindu philosophy in the Vedanta and Yoga streams, as the reader will remember, views only one thing as being ultimately real: Satchidananda Atman, the Existence-Consciousness-Blissful Self. Very Upanishadic in its notions, worship of Gods is a secondary means of focus on the higher being, a conduit to realization of the Divine Ground. Hatha Yoga follows in that vein and thus successfully transcends being particularly grounded in any one religion.

Hatha is a Sanskrit word meaning 'sun' (ha) and 'moon' (tha), representing opposing energies: hot and cold, male and female, positive and negative, similar but not completely analogous to yin and yang. Hatha yoga attempts to balance mind and body via physical exercises, or "asanas", controlled breathing, and the calming of the mind through relaxation and meditation. Asanas teach poise, balance & strength and were originally (and still) practiced to improve the body's physical health and clear the mind in preparation for meditation in the pursuit of enlightenment. "Asana" means "immovable", i.e. static, and often confused with the dynamic 108 natya karanasdescribed in Natya Shastraand, along with the elements of Bhakti Yoga, is embodied in the contemporary form of Bharatanatyam.

By balancing two streams, often known as ida (mental) and pingala (bodily) currents, the sushumna nadi (current of the Self) is said to rise, opening various chakras (cosmic power points within the body, starting from the base of the spine and ending right above the head) until samadhi is attained. Ida and pingala are represented in the dynamism of natya yogaby lasya (female) and tandava (male) aspects, and bear direct reference to the Taoist dualism.

By forging a powerful depth of concentration and mastery of the body and mind, Hatha Yoga practices seek to still the mental waters and allow for apprehension of oneself as that which one always was, Brahman. Hatha Yoga is essentially a manual for scientifically taking one's body through stages of control to a point at which one-pointed focus on the unmanifested Brahman is possible: it is said to take its practitioner to the peaks of Raja Yoga.

Today

In the West, hatha yoga has become wildly popular as a purely physical exercise regimen divorced of its original purpose. Currently, it is estimated that about 30 million Americans practice hatha yoga. But in the Indian subcontinent the traditional practice is still to be found. The guru-shishya (teacher-student) relationship that exists without need for sanction from non-religious institutions, and which gave rise to all the great yogins who made way into international consciousness in the 20th century, has been maintained in Indian, Nepalese, and some Tibetan circles.

In India, whose Hindu population combines to a staggering 800 million, Yoga is a daily part of life. It is common to see people performing Surya Namaskar(a yogic set of asanas and pranayam dedicated to Surya, the Hindu God of the Sun) in the morning or speaking about food diets and body therapy entirely based on Yoga or the Hindu healing system of Ayurveda. The age-old tradition of Yoga has continued uninterrupted by its popularity in the west (although more established schools like the Bihar School of Yoga work from within India to produce Yoga texts to send abroad).

In addition, hundreds and thousands sanyasins (renunciates) and sadhus (Hindu monks) wander in and out of city temples, village country sides and are to be found smattered all across the foothills of the Himalayaand the Vindhya Rangeof central India. For India's holy-men, Yoga is as fundamental as lifeblood. To see a man meditating at the steps of a temple, or even wondering contemplatively on the roadside, is not uncommon even to the more Westernized crowds. It is the same in Tibet, where the Buddhist establishment's lifestyle is permeated with the Yoga or yogic practices, which is ultimately not a once-a-day routine, but a constant immersion in self-discovery. ^{[{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME}}#endnote_Hatha Yoga]}

Modern growth of yoga in the West

Western development of yoga has taken less of a spiritual approach and focused more on the mind/body connection. While Yoga is a religion to many, most practitioners in the west separate yoga from their spiritual beliefs, causing yoga to stay strictly within the parameters of an exercise/fitness regimen, or an overall prgram of keeping physically and emotionally healthy.

References

^  1, 2

^  [2]

^  The Essence of The Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads Wikisources - Aitareya Upanishad, Wikisource - Taittiriya Upanishad

^  "Sankara on the Yoga Sutras" Trevor Leggett, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, ISBN 81-208-1028-7, "The Yoga System of Patanjali" James Haughton Woods, Harvard Oriental Series, 1914, (out of print) ISBN 81-208-0577-1(reprint: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi)

^  Wikisource - Hatha Yoga Pradipika

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It uses material from the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History+of+Yoga Wikipedia article History of Yoga.